1. Scientific Cultivation of Paddy (part 1)
2. Scientific Cultivation of Paddy (part 2)
3. Controlling of weeds in paddy

Lesson-1

Scientific Cultivation of Paddy धान की वैज्ञानिक खेती زراعة الأرز العلمية Culture scientifique du paddy

Video lesson in English

Video lesson in Hindi

Text lesson in English (You can convert into any language by using language selection at top)

A large population depends on paddy for their livelihood. We can raise the standard of living of farmers by increasing the yield of agriculture. For this, it is necessary to change the traditional methods of farming. Our agriculture can be improved by proper use of soil, water, and environment. To make agriculture profitable, we have to reduce the cost incurred in agriculture. And this is possible only when we do scientific farming. So today we will talk about scientific and advanced cultivation of paddy. Dr. Manoj Kumar, our scientist said that most of the population here is dependent on agriculture, so agriculture is the core of life, agriculture is food & food is life.

Agriculture is the basic point of all development. No development is possible without the development of agriculture. Paddy is the main crop to increase the production of any region, there is need to concentrate on some points so that they can increase their yield.

In times of change we have to adopt agriculture as a benefactor. agriculture can turn into profitable farming, only when we can reduce its cost, then only it popular among farmers.

We can increase the standard of living of farmers by increasing agricultural yield. For this, it is necessary to change the traditional methods of farming. With proper use of soil, water, and the environment, our agriculture can be improved.

To make agriculture profitable we have to reduce the expenditure in agriculture. This is possible only when we adopt scientific farming. We will discuss the scientific cultivation of paddy.

Climate required for Paddy

• Paddy is the main Kharif crop.
• Paddy cultivation can also be done in temperate and sub-tropical climate under humid conditions.
• A high temperature, humidity and sufficient rainfall with irrigation facilities are the primary requirements of paddy cultivation.
• It also needs bright sunshine with temperature ranging between 20 and 40⁰C. It can tolerate temperature up to 42⁰C.

Soil for Paddy Cultivation

Almost every type of soil can be used for paddy cultivation provided the region has a high level of humidity, sufficient rainfall with irrigation facilities, and a high temperature.

The major types of soils for paddy cultivation are black soil, red soil (loamy and yellow), laterite soil, red sandy, terai, hill and medium to shallow black soil.

It can be even cultivated on silts and gravels. Water

• Bund farming system is followed in case of paddy cultivation wherein the fields are flooded continuously up to 7-10 days before harvesting.
• To produce a kilogram of paddy the crop on an average need about 1500 liters of water.
• In other words, paddy needs a huge amount of water for cultivation.

Agriculture is the basis of all development.

In times of change, we must adopt agriculture as a benefactor. When we talk about scientific farming, farmers often get confused. Under this, the right fertilizer, water management, and the latest technologies are chosen according to your region.

If certain parameters like like timely sowing, water management, weed and pest control, are taken care of, then the productivity can be increased Weeds in paddy inhibit the growth of seedlings, significantly reducing the yield of paddy.

Remember:

• Weed increases the cost of farming.
• The seed must be of good quality
• Sow at the right time
• Use fertilizers in balanced amounts
• Use organic manure along with chemical fertilizer

In irrigation management, it is very important to use the right amount of water with the right process at the right time. If farmers focus on these points, then certainly they can increase their yield and make agriculture profitable.

A case Study

Variety

Paddy is the main kharif crop in Bihar (India). Paddy is cultivated in Bihar at about thirty-five million hectares. But its productivity is much lower than other states. If some things are taken care of, then its productivity can be increased like timely sowing, water management, weed and pest control, Keeping all things in mind and using scientific methods, paddy cultivation can be increased. The selection of right land is also very important for paddy farming. We have been cultivating paddy in different lands, such as the upper land, lower land or deep waterlogged land. If we talk about the upper land then some prominent varieties are Prabhat, Turanta, Richiria, Saroj, Ghan Lakshmi, Pusa 2-21. These varieties are ready in 100 to 115 days. July 1 to 15 is the right time to sow these. The recommended seed of this is only 20 kg per hectare. When it is 20 to 25 days, then plant it in your fields and 15 cm apart from one plant to another. And also 15 cm of line to line distance. If we talk about paddy cultivation in medium land, Rajendra Bhagwati, Sita, Kanak, Rajendra Subhasini, Rajendra Kasturi, Saroj, IR 36 are the main varieties, These are ready in 115 to 120 days. The time for sowing these varieties is from 10 to 25 June. After 25 to 30 days, they are removed and planted in the fields. The saplings should be 20 x 15 cm apart from one plant to another.  Now paddy cultivation in deep land; the varieties are swarna, MTU7029. The crop yield is very high. Apart from thess, Rajendra Mansuri, Rajendra Sweta, Raj Shree, Satyam, Kisori, etc are  considered as important varieties. All these are ready in 140 to 145 days. The right time to sow these is from 25 May to 10 June.  Apart from this, the deep land in which the water remains, there is also a different variety; Janaki, Sudha, Vaidehi, Jalaj. The aromatic paddy varieties are: Rajendra Kasturi, Rajendra Subhasini, Pusa Basmati, Sugandha 1-4. The correct time to sow all these is from 25 June to 15 July.

Weed Control

Weeds in paddy stop the growth of plants, which reduces the yield of paddy significantly. At the same time, it also increases the cost of farming. The main methods of weed control are, by chemical, by machine or by hand. In all these, chemical methods is the right method, it also reduces the cost over time. To protect from weeds, it is important to select right chemical, best quality and required quantity. Take good quality of chemicals and mix 300 kg per hectare into 600 liters of water.

Lesson-2

Scientific Cultivation of Paddy धान की वैज्ञानिक खेती زراعة الأرز العلمية Culture scientifique du paddy

Video lesson in English

Video lesson in Hindi

Text lesson in English (You can convert into any language by using language selection at top)

Paddy scientific cultivation 2

There are hundreds of pathogens and insects that can harm the seed or seedling before they even have a chance to grow. Seed treatment plays an important role by providing protection for seeds and transplanting against disease and insects. The use of seed treatment is an effective tool to provide the necessary protection of seeds for a strong, healthy start.This protection ensures that the plant has more opportunity to grow a strong root system that is the foundation for a healthy, productive plant.

Along with this, it is also important to pay attention to treatment of paddy seeds, precautions to be taken, management of water, and  chemicals to be used for weed control.

Paddy Seed Treatment The method of seed treatment:

• Take a seed treatment drum and add the required amount of seed treatment medicine.
• Turn the handle so that the mixture mixes well. This creates a layer on the upper surface of the seed. And thus, the seeds are processed.

If you do not have these drums available, you can also use an earthen pot to mix seeds and medicine. Treated seed should be sown as soon as possible. Use of chemicals to remove weeds The less we use chemicals to remove weeds, the better our cultivation will be. We also have many weed removals machines available to avoid chemicals. If you have workers available, they can remove them by hand.

The maximum amount of natural resources, organic manure or local manure should be used in farming.

Precautions while spraying the chemicals

• Use the approved chemicals in the least amount possible.
• Use the pot with a nozzle to spray the medicine.
• Do not spray the medicine in the scorching sun.Do not spray against wind speed.
• Always spray from front to back so that you get all the area coverage.
• While spraying the medicine, move slowly so that the amount of your medicine is in the correct amount and in the right place.
• Before doing so, farmers should always use gloves, apply masks and, after adopting all these precautions, use the required amount of medicine.

Irrigation Management

 In paddy cultivation, from the time of sowing, water should be kept 3 to 5 centimeter for 15 days after harvesting.

If there is a shortage of water, the yield will definitely decrease, so the farmer should never have a shortage of water in the crop.

Drainage also plays a very important role in water-deficient areas.

In other cases only if there is saturated ground, less water will work.

Under no circumstances should the paddy field be cracked. If the soil of the field cracks, more water will be required at a later stage.

In addition, when the paddy is well ripened and contains 15 to 20% moisture, the paddy should be harvested.

After harvesting, it should be kept on the ground for 2 to 3 days so that the remaining grains dry up.

Storage of paddy 10 to 12% moisture is sufficient for safe storage. If this moisture is too low then there will be many losses in storage. When moisture conditions occur, the grain will attract pests, this quality is reduced which affects the germination and availability of the plant. Therefore, the grains should be thoroughly dried in the sun to bring the right amount of moisture. Before storage, the warehouse must be properly disinfected. Taking care of all these things, if you cultivate paddy, you can definitely get low cost and high income.

Video Lessons

Soil testing

Lesson-3

Controlling Weeds in Paddy 

Scientific Cultivation of Paddy धान की वैज्ञानिक खेती زراعة الأرز العلمية Culture scientifique du paddy

Video lesson in English

Video lesson in Hindi

Text lesson in English (You can convert into any language by using language selection at top)

Controlling Weeds in Paddy 

Paddy is considered as the most important food crop in developing countries and the crucial source of employment in rural areas. With proper field management, practices and irrigation facility, paddy farming would be profitable in a short period of time. It is important to pay attention to some main points. Such as-

• What is a weed?
• Effect of weed on paddy crop
• Types of weed found in paddy
• How to control it?

What is a weed?

• Weed is an undesirable plant. They are one of the major biological threats to higher crop productivity worldwide.
• They being competed with the crop plants and deprive them of light, moisture, and nutrients.
• They are harmful to crops.
• They can survive even under adverse conditions.

Effects of weed on paddy crop

• Reduces the yield and quality of crops by competing for nutrients, water, and sunlight.
• Weeds either give shelter to various insects, pests and diseases or serve as alternate hosts.
• Reduces land value.
• Weeds are harmful to human beings, certain weeds cause irritation of the skin, allergy, and poisoning in human beings.
• In fields of crops infested with weeds, the tillage operations require high cost.

Weed damages and reduces approx. 33% yield in the crop. This reduction depends on the amount of weed available in the crop, if there is more weed, then crop reduced by 60-70%.

Types of weeds found in Paddy Weeds found in paddy can be of mostly two types, such as broad-leaf weed and narrow-leaf weed. Ex- Echinocloa crusgalli (Barn yard grass), Eleucine  indica  (Goose grass), Ageratum  conyzoides etc.

• Echinochloa crusgalli is a type of wild grass. It is commonly known as cockspur. This plant can grow to 1.5 m in height and has long, flat leaves which are often purplish at the base. Considered one of the world’s worst weeds, it reduces crop yields and causes forage crops to fail by removing up to 80% of the available soil nitrogen.
• Eleusine indica, the Indian goosegrass, yard-grass, goosegrass, wiregrass, or is a species of grass in the family Poaceae. E. indica is primarily listed as an agricultural and environmental weed and is considered a “serious weed”. A single plant may produce more than 50,000 small seeds, which can be easily dispersed by wind and water, attached to animal fur and machinery and as a contaminant in soil.
• conyzoides is a grass reported as an invasive, noxious weed in agricultural lands and a open field, causing crop yield reductions and affecting biodiversity. It is also a host of pathogens and nematodes that affect crop species.

That is why it is said tat 1/3rd of the beginning of the crop is very sensitive; the crop should be kept free from weeds in the beginning. Otherwise, this will damage the crop later.

How to control weeds

Weed control is important to prevent losses in crop and production costs, and to preserve good grain quality. Often, the farmers throw the weed out by hand but it takes too much time. The method that still works is the mechanical method. Under this, weeding is done by machine. This tool is designed to ease the task of removing weeds from fields. It works by driving the tool vertically into the soil in order to push any small weeds under the soil and disrupt their young fragile root systems.

There is another way to remove weeds from fields which is the use of pesticides, that farmers have been doing till now. Now let us know which pesticides should be used for different kind of weeds-

• ANILOFOS is a pre-emergence and early post-emergence selective pesticide used for control of annual grasses, sedges and some broad-leaved weeds in transplanted. Anilophos is used at the rate of 1.33litre/ hectare in narrow leaf weeds.
• Butachlor or HT is a post-emergence rice pesticide that provides excellent grass control. HT controls many major grassy weeds. A 3 ml/ liter of HT mixture with water should be sprayed on the crop within 4-5 days.
• Pendimethalin is a selective pesticide used to control most annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds in fields. It is used both pre -emergence, that is before weed seeds have sprouted, and early post- emergence. 3 ml/liter of Pendimethalin with water, can be used in the field within 5 days.

Any of these pesticides can be sprayed in the fields within 3-5 days. Weeds will not grow and we will get good production by using pesticides. If not sprayed within time and weeds have arrived, then use Thiobencarb 3ml/litre with water, this will make the field weed- free.

Note- Never use chemicals in the opposite direction of the wind. By doing this, it can fall on the body which can cause many skin problems.  

Audio Lessons